php questions

1 When connecting to a database using PDO, what must be done to ensure that database credentials are not compromised if the connection were to fail?

2 How can one take advantage of the time waiting for a lock during a stream access, to do other tasks using the following locking code as the base:

$retval = flock($fr, LOCK_EX);

3 The Decorator pattern is used to__________

4 HTTP authentication, how can we retrieve the user name & pasword?

5 Type-hinting and the instanceof keyword can be used to check what types of things about variables?

6 The MVC pattern in Web development involves which of the following components?

7 Given the string:
$var = "john@php.net";

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